The Role of Oracles in Securing Multi-Billion Dollar DeFi Protocols
The Role of Oracles in Securing Multi-Billion Dollar DeFi Protocols
In the ever-expanding universe of decentralized finance (DeFi), oracles play a critical, albeit often underappreciated, role. As gatekeepers of data integrity, oracles provide the lifeblood of smart contracts by delivering real-world data into the blockchain ecosystem. But what makes oracles so crucial in securing multi-billion dollar DeFi protocols? Let’s dive into the intricacies of this relationship.
The DeFi Paradigm Shift
DeFi has revolutionized the financial industry by enabling decentralized, permissionless financial services. Platforms like Uniswap, Compound, and Aave have democratized access to financial instruments, allowing anyone with an internet connection to participate. Yet, these platforms are underpinned by smart contracts—self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code.
Smart contracts operate autonomously, but they require accurate, timely data to make informed decisions. This is where oracles step in. By bridging the gap between the blockchain and the external world, oracles ensure that smart contracts receive the precise data needed to execute their functions correctly.
The Anatomy of an Oracle
An oracle is a service that fetches data from external sources and delivers it to smart contracts on a blockchain. Oracles can be categorized into two main types: decentralized and centralized. Decentralized oracles use a network of nodes to aggregate data from multiple sources, reducing the risk of a single point of failure. Centralized oracles, on the other hand, rely on a single entity or a group of trusted nodes to provide data. Each type has its own set of advantages and challenges.
Decentralized Oracles
Decentralized oracles leverage a network of independent nodes to fetch and verify data. This distributed approach enhances security and reduces the risk of manipulation. Consider Chainlink, one of the most prominent decentralized oracle networks. Chainlink uses a network of hundreds of nodes to aggregate data, ensuring that the information fed into smart contracts is accurate and reliable.
The decentralized nature of these oracles means that no single entity has control over the data, thereby reducing the potential for insider manipulation. This decentralization also makes the system more resilient to attacks, as a coordinated attack would require compromising a significant number of nodes.
Centralized Oracles
Centralized oracles, while less decentralized, can provide faster and more direct data feeds. They often serve as the first layer of data collection before the data is further verified by decentralized networks. Examples include Instadapp and Band Protocol. These oracles can be faster and more efficient but come with their own set of risks, primarily related to the central point of failure.
Centralized oracles are susceptible to manipulation if the central authority is compromised. However, they are often used in conjunction with decentralized oracles to provide a more robust data pipeline.
Oracles and Smart Contract Security
The security of DeFi protocols heavily relies on the integrity and accuracy of the data provided by oracles. Any discrepancy or delay in data can lead to erroneous contract execution, potentially resulting in significant financial losses.
Data Integrity
Oracles must provide data that is both accurate and timely. For example, in a decentralized lending platform, oracles must feed in real-time interest rates and asset prices to ensure that loan repayments and interest accruals are calculated correctly. Any manipulation of this data could result in under-collateralized loans, posing a risk to the platform’s stability.
To maintain data integrity, oracles employ various techniques such as:
Aggregation of Multiple Sources: By aggregating data from multiple sources, oracles can reduce the risk of receiving erroneous data from a single source. Cryptographic Verification: Data is often cryptographically signed to verify its authenticity and origin. Consensus Mechanisms: Decentralized oracles use consensus mechanisms to ensure that the data is agreed upon by a majority of nodes.
Risk Mitigation
Oracles play a crucial role in mitigating risks associated with smart contracts. They help in:
Preventing Exploits: By providing accurate and timely data, oracles prevent exploits that rely on inaccurate or delayed information. Enhancing Auditability: Transparent and verifiable data feeds make it easier to audit smart contracts, ensuring they operate as intended. Facilitating Compliance: In a regulated environment, oracles can help DeFi platforms comply with legal requirements by providing verified data.
The Future of Oracles in DeFi
As DeFi continues to grow, the role of oracles will become increasingly important. The future of oracles in DeFi will likely involve:
Enhanced Decentralization: Continued development of decentralized oracle networks to reduce reliance on central points of failure. Interoperability: Oracles that can seamlessly integrate with multiple blockchain networks to provide data across different platforms. Advanced Security Protocols: Innovations in cryptographic and consensus mechanisms to further secure data feeds.
Conclusion
Oracles are the unsung heroes of the DeFi ecosystem, ensuring that the promises of decentralized finance can be realized without compromising on security and integrity. By providing accurate, timely, and verifiable data, oracles enable smart contracts to function as intended, mitigating risks and fostering trust in decentralized platforms.
In the next part, we will explore specific case studies and real-world applications of oracles in DeFi, examining how they have played a crucial role in securing multi-billion dollar protocols and shaping the future of decentralized finance.
The Role of Oracles in Securing Multi-Billion Dollar DeFi Protocols
In our previous discussion, we explored the foundational role of oracles in the DeFi ecosystem. Now, let’s delve into some specific case studies and real-world applications to understand how oracles have been instrumental in securing multi-billion dollar DeFi protocols and shaping the future of decentralized finance.
Case Study: Chainlink and Decentralized Finance
Chainlink stands as a paragon of decentralized oracle networks. Its innovative approach to providing secure, reliable, and accurate data feeds has been pivotal in bolstering the trust and security of numerous DeFi protocols.
Chainlink’s Architecture
Chainlink operates through a network of decentralized nodes that aggregate and verify data from various sources. This decentralized architecture ensures that no single entity can manipulate the data, thereby enhancing security and trustworthiness.
Chainlink uses a combination of techniques to maintain data integrity:
Decentralized Nodes: Chainlink’s network comprises hundreds of decentralized nodes that independently verify data. This distribution reduces the risk of a single point of failure. Oracle Marketplace: Chainlink provides a marketplace where different data sources can offer their data feeds. This marketplace ensures that the data fed into smart contracts is diverse and reliable. Chainlink Contracts: These smart contracts facilitate the delivery of data from oracles to smart contracts, ensuring secure and timely data transmission.
Real-World Applications
Chainlink’s oracles have been instrumental in securing various DeFi protocols. Here are a few notable examples:
Aave: Aave, a leading decentralized lending platform, relies on Chainlink oracles to provide accurate and timely asset prices. This ensures that loan repayments and interest accruals are calculated correctly, thereby maintaining the platform’s stability and trustworthiness. Uniswap: Uniswap, a decentralized exchange, uses Chainlink oracles to provide real-time data on token prices. This data is crucial for executing trades and ensuring liquidity in the platform. Compound: Compound, a decentralized lending and savings protocol, utilizes Chainlink oracles to determine interest rates and collateral values. Accurate data feeds are essential for ensuring fair and reliable interest calculations.
Centralized Oracles in Action: Instadapp
While decentralized oracles like Chainlink dominate the scene, centralized oracles also play a significant role in the DeFi ecosystem. Instadapp is a prime example of how centralized oracles can be effectively used in conjunction with decentralized networks to enhance security and efficiency.
Instadapp’s Approach
Instadapp combines the speed and efficiency of centralized oracles with the robustness of decentralized networks. The platform uses centralized oracles to fetch initial data, which is then verified by decentralized nodes to ensure accuracy and integrity.
Benefits of Centralized Oracles
Speed: Centralized oracles can provide data faster than decentralized networks, which is crucial for time-sensitive applications. Cost-Efficiency: Centralized oracles often require fewer resources to operate compared to decentralized networks, making them more cost-effective. Integration with Decentralized Networks: By combining centralized and decentralized oracles, Instadapp ensures that the data fed into smart contracts is both fast and secure.
The Importance of Data in DeFi
The integrity and accuracy of data provided by oracles are paramount in the DeFi ecosystem. Even minor discrepancies can lead to significant financial losses. Therefore, oracles must employ rigorous methods to ensure data reliability.
Data Sources and Verification
Oracles source data from various external APIs, market data providers, and even direct feeds from financial institutions. To ensure data integrity, oracles use:
API Integrations: Oracles integrate with numerous APIs to fetch real-time data. These APIs provide data on asset prices, interest rates, and other critical metrics. Market Data Providers: Oracles partner with reputable market data providers to obtain accurate and reliable data. Direct Feeds: In some cases, oracles receive direct data feeds from financial institutions, ensuring the highest level of data accuracy.
The Role of Oracles in Securing Multi-Billion Dollar DeFi Protocols
Data Verification and Consensus Mechanisms
To ensure the data is both accurate and reliable, oracles employ various verification methods. These include:
Consensus Mechanisms: Decentralized oracles use consensus mechanisms to ensure that the data is agreed upon by a majority of nodes. This consensus process helps in validating the data and reducing the risk of manipulation. Cryptographic Signing: Data is often cryptographically signed to verify its authenticity and origin. This ensures that the data has not been tampered with and comes from a trusted source. Multi-Source Aggregation: By aggregating data from multiple sources, oracles can reduce the risk of receiving erroneous data from a single source. This redundancy enhances the reliability of the data feed.
Enhancing Security Through Oracles
Oracles play a crucial role in enhancing the security of DeFi protocols. Here are some ways in which oracles contribute to security:
Preventing Exploits
Exploits in DeFi often rely on inaccurate or delayed data. By providing accurate and timely data, oracles prevent such exploits from occurring. For example, in a decentralized lending platform, oracles ensure that loan repayments and interest accruals are calculated correctly, thereby preventing under-collateralized loans, which can lead to platform instability.
Enhancing Auditability
Transparent and verifiable data feeds make it easier to audit smart contracts, ensuring they operate as intended. This transparency builds trust among users and investors, as they can be confident that the platform is functioning correctly.
Facilitating Compliance
In a regulated environment, oracles can help DeFi platforms comply with legal requirements by providing verified data. This ensures that the platform adheres to relevant regulations, thereby reducing legal risks.
Case Study: Uniswap and Oracles
Uniswap, one of the most popular decentralized exchanges (DEXs), relies heavily on oracles to provide accurate and timely data on token prices. This data is crucial for executing trades and ensuring liquidity in the platform.
Uniswap’s Oracle Strategy
Uniswap uses Chainlink oracles to fetch real-time data on token prices. This data is used to determine the prices of tokens on the exchange, ensuring that trades are executed at fair and accurate prices.
The use of Chainlink oracles provides several benefits:
Accuracy: Chainlink’s decentralized network ensures that the price data is accurate and reliable. Timeliness: The speed at which Chainlink oracles can provide data ensures that trades are executed promptly. Security: The decentralized nature of Chainlink’s network reduces the risk of manipulation, thereby enhancing the security of Uniswap’s platform.
Future Trends and Innovations
As DeFi continues to evolve, the role of oracles will become increasingly important. Here are some future trends and innovations in the realm of oracles:
Enhanced Decentralization
Continued development of decentralized oracle networks will reduce reliance on central points of failure. Decentralized oracles will become even more resilient and secure, ensuring the integrity of data feeds.
Interoperability
Oracles will evolve to become more interoperable, allowing them to seamlessly integrate with multiple blockchain networks. This interoperability will enable DeFi platforms to operate across different blockchains, thereby expanding their reach and usability.
Advanced Security Protocols
Innovations in cryptographic and consensus mechanisms will further enhance the security of data feeds. These advanced protocols will make it even more difficult for attackers to manipulate data, thereby protecting DeFi protocols from potential threats.
Conclusion
Oracles are the backbone of the DeFi ecosystem, ensuring that smart contracts can operate securely and reliably. By providing accurate, timely, and verifiable data, oracles enable the seamless execution of smart contracts, mitigating risks and fostering trust in decentralized platforms.
In the next part, we will explore how oracles are shaping the future of decentralized finance, including their role in regulatory compliance, governance, and the development of new financial products.
part3:
The Role of Oracles in Securing Multi-Billion Dollar DeFi Protocols
In our previous discussions, we explored the foundational role of oracles in the DeFi ecosystem, delved into specific case studies, and looked at future trends. Now, let’s explore how oracles are shaping the future of decentralized finance, including their role in regulatory compliance, governance, and the development of new financial products.
Oracles and Regulatory Compliance
As DeFi continues to grow, regulatory compliance becomes increasingly important. Oracles play a crucial role in helping DeFi platforms comply with legal requirements, thereby reducing legal risks and fostering trust among users and regulators.
Providing Verified Data
Oracles can provide verified data that meets regulatory standards. For example, in a regulated DeFi lending platform, oracles can provide verified collateral values and loan amounts, ensuring that the platform adheres to relevant regulations.
Enhancing Transparency
Oracles enhance transparency by providing verifiable and auditable data feeds. This transparency is essential for regulatory compliance, as it allows regulators to audit the platform’s operations and ensure that it adheres to legal requirements.
Oracles and Governance
Oracles also play a vital role in the governance of DeFi platforms. Governance in DeFi often involves decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) that make decisions based on data and community input.
Data-Driven Decisions
Oracles provide the data needed for data-driven decision-making in DAOs. For example, in a decentralized lending platform governed by a DAO, oracles can provide data on loan defaults, interest rates, and collateral values. This data is used to make informed decisions about loan approvals, interest rate adjustments, and collateral requirements.
Enhancing Community Trust
By providing accurate and timely data, oracles enhance community trust in the governance process. Users can be confident that decisions are being made based on reliable data, fostering a sense of trust and participation in the platform’s governance.
Oracles and New Financial Products
Oracles are not just critical for existing DeFi protocols but are also driving the development of new financial products. As DeFi continues to innovate, oracles will play a pivotal role in enabling these new products.
Decentralized Derivatives
Oracles are essential for decentralized derivatives markets. Derivatives, such as options and futures, require accurate and timely data to function correctly. Oracles provide this data, ensuring that derivatives contracts are executed at fair values.
Automated Market Makers (AMMs)
Oracles are crucial for automated market makers (AMMs) like Uniswap. AMMs rely on oracles to provide accurate and timely data on token prices, ensuring that trades are executed at fair and accurate prices.
Decentralized Insurance
Oracles enable the development of decentralized insurance products. By providing data on asset values and market conditions, oracles can help determine the premiums and payouts for insurance policies, ensuring that the insurance products are fair and accurate.
Innovations and Challenges
As oracles continue to evolve, several innovations and challenges will shape their future in DeFi.
Innovations
Hybrid Oracles: Combining the speed of centralized oracles with the security of decentralized networks to provide fast and secure data feeds. Smart Contract Oracles: Developing oracles that can directly interact with smart contracts, providing seamless and real-time data integration. Decentralized Autonomous Oracles (DAOs): Creating DAOs that manage and operate oracle networks, ensuring that the data feeds are maintained and updated by the community.
Challenges
Scalability: Ensuring that oracle networks can handle the increasing demand for data feeds as DeFi grows. Cost: Reducing the cost of data feeds to make oracle services more accessible to DeFi platforms. Security: Continuously improving the security of oracle networks to protect against sophisticated attacks.
Conclusion
Oracles are indispensable to the DeFi ecosystem, ensuring that smart contracts can operate securely and reliably. By providing accurate, timely, and verifiable data, oracles enable the seamless execution of smart contracts, mitigate risks, and foster trust in decentralized platforms.
As DeFi continues to evolve, oracles will play an even more crucial role in shaping the future of decentralized finance. From regulatory compliance and governance to the development of new financial products, oracles are at the heart of the DeFi revolution.
This comprehensive exploration of the role of oracles in securing multi-billion dollar DeFi protocols should provide a clear understanding of their significance and future potential in the DeFi ecosystem.
Intent DeFi Payments Surge: A New Horizon in Financial Transactions
In the ever-evolving realm of digital finance, intent DeFi (Decentralized Finance) payments are carving out a new path, blending innovation with practicality in ways that traditional financial systems often struggle to achieve. As the digital currency landscape expands, intent DeFi payments are not just a trend but a pivotal shift that’s redefining how we perceive and execute financial transactions.
The Dawn of Intent DeFi Payments
At the core of this transformation lies the concept of intent. In traditional finance, payments are often delayed until the payer’s intent is fulfilled. DeFi, however, leverages smart contracts and blockchain technology to execute transactions precisely when conditions are met. This immediacy and transparency mark a significant departure from the conventional model, where middlemen and delays are often unavoidable.
Smart Contracts: The Backbone of Intent DeFi Payments
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automate the execution of agreements, ensuring that transactions occur only when specific conditions are met. In the context of intent DeFi payments, smart contracts enable real-time execution of payments based on predefined criteria, such as time, price, or other conditions set by the payer.
For instance, imagine you’re buying a car. In a traditional setting, the payment is processed upon the completion of the sale. With intent DeFi payments, if the seller agrees to sell the car for a specific price within a certain timeframe, the smart contract activates the payment automatically once the conditions are met, ensuring both parties fulfill their obligations seamlessly.
The Role of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology underpins the DeFi ecosystem, offering an immutable ledger that records all transactions transparently. This technology ensures that every transaction is verifiable and secure, reducing the risk of fraud and enhancing trust among users.
Consider the use of blockchain in remittances. Traditional remittance services often involve multiple intermediaries, leading to high fees and slower transaction times. DeFi payments, however, bypass these intermediaries, channeling funds directly from the payer to the recipient, often with lower fees and faster processing times.
Case Studies: Where Intent DeFi Payments Shine
Let’s delve into some real-world applications to illustrate the potential of intent DeFi payments.
Decentralized Lending
Platforms like Aave and Compound allow users to lend and borrow assets using DeFi protocols. When a user decides to lend their cryptocurrency, they can set specific parameters for the interest rate and the duration of the loan. Once these conditions are met by another user who wants to borrow the asset, the smart contract automatically processes the transaction, facilitating a seamless lending experience.
Decentralized Insurance
Insurance in the DeFi space, offered by platforms like Nexus Mutual, utilizes smart contracts to provide coverage for various risks. If a predefined event occurs (e.g., a smart contract holder’s NFT gets stolen), the insurance claim is automatically processed. This immediate execution based on intent ensures that policyholders receive compensation swiftly and transparently.
The Future of Intent DeFi Payments
The potential of intent DeFi payments extends beyond individual transactions; it holds the promise of revolutionizing entire industries. Here’s a glimpse into the future:
Integration with Traditional Finance
As DeFi continues to mature, we may see a seamless integration with traditional financial systems. Banks and financial institutions could adopt DeFi protocols to offer more efficient and transparent services to their customers, blending the best of both worlds.
Cross-Border Transactions
Cross-border payments are notoriously complex and expensive. Intent DeFi payments, powered by blockchain, could simplify these transactions, offering lower fees and faster processing times. This could democratize access to global financial markets, enabling businesses and individuals to transact seamlessly across borders.
Enhanced Security and Privacy
While blockchain offers transparency, advanced cryptographic techniques can ensure that sensitive information remains private. Intent DeFi payments could leverage zero-knowledge proofs and other privacy-enhancing technologies to secure transactions without compromising on transparency.
Challenges and Considerations
While the future of intent DeFi payments looks promising, it’s not without challenges. Scalability, regulatory concerns, and security are key areas that need to be addressed to ensure widespread adoption.
Scalability
As the number of DeFi transactions increases, the underlying blockchain networks need to scale to handle the growing demand. Solutions like layer-2 protocols and sharding are being explored to address scalability issues, but they require further development and testing.
Regulatory Compliance
Navigating the regulatory landscape is a significant challenge. DeFi platforms operate in a grey area in many jurisdictions, and regulatory clarity is crucial for mainstream adoption. Collaboration between DeFi developers, regulators, and financial institutions could help create a framework that ensures compliance while fostering innovation.
Security
Security remains a paramount concern in the DeFi space. Smart contracts, while powerful, are not immune to bugs and vulnerabilities. Rigorous auditing and the development of secure coding standards are essential to mitigate risks and build user trust.
Conclusion
Intent DeFi payments represent a paradigm shift in the way we conduct financial transactions. By leveraging smart contracts and blockchain technology, they offer a transparent, efficient, and secure alternative to traditional payment systems. As the technology matures and addresses current challenges, the potential for intent DeFi payments to revolutionize global finance is immense.
In the next part, we will delve deeper into the specific applications, benefits, and future trends of intent DeFi payments, exploring how they are shaping the future of digital finance.
Intent DeFi Payments Surge: Shaping the Future of Digital Finance
Building on the foundation laid in Part 1, we continue our exploration of intent DeFi payments, focusing on their specific applications, benefits, and the transformative potential they hold for the future of digital finance.
Specific Applications of Intent DeFi Payments
Decentralized Marketplaces
Decentralized marketplaces like OpenSea and Rarible allow users to buy, sell, and trade digital assets such as NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens). These platforms use intent DeFi payments to facilitate transactions securely and transparently. When a buyer places a bid on an NFT, a smart contract is triggered to process the payment once the bid is accepted, ensuring a seamless and trustless exchange.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)
DAOs are organizations governed by smart contracts rather than traditional hierarchies. Intent DeFi payments play a crucial role in funding and executing decisions within DAOs. For instance, if a DAO member proposes a project, funding can be automatically released once the project reaches predefined milestones. This ensures that resources are allocated efficiently and transparently, enhancing accountability.
Decentralized Governance
Many DeFi platforms use intent DeFi payments to facilitate decentralized governance. Token holders can vote on proposals using their tokens, with payments processed automatically once a proposal reaches a quorum. This democratic approach ensures that decisions are made collectively and executed transparently.
Benefits of Intent DeFi Payments
Transparency and Trust
One of the most significant benefits of intent DeFi payments is the transparency offered by blockchain technology. Every transaction is recorded on an immutable ledger, allowing all participants to verify the details of the transaction. This transparency fosters trust among users, reducing the reliance on intermediaries and increasing confidence in the system.
Efficiency and Speed
Traditional financial systems often involve multiple intermediaries, leading to delays and higher fees. Intent DeFi payments eliminate these middlemen, channeling funds directly from the payer to the recipient. This direct channeling ensures faster transaction times and lower fees, offering a more efficient alternative to conventional payment systems.
Security and Privacy
Intent DeFi payments leverage advanced cryptographic techniques to secure transactions while maintaining privacy. Smart contracts ensure that payments are processed securely once conditions are met, reducing the risk of fraud. Additionally, privacy-enhancing technologies like zero-knowledge proofs can be used to protect sensitive information, offering a secure and private transaction environment.
Future Trends in Intent DeFi Payments
Integration with Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
Central banks worldwide are exploring the concept of CBDCs to modernize their financial systems. Intent DeFi payments could integrate with CBDCs, offering a seamless bridge between traditional and decentralized finance. This integration could enhance the efficiency and reach of CBDCs, providing a more inclusive and transparent payment system.
Cross-Chain Transactions
As the DeFi ecosystem expands, cross-chain transactions will become increasingly important. Intent DeFi payments can facilitate transactions across different blockchain networks, enabling interoperability and expanding the possibilities for users. Solutions like cross-chain bridges and atomic swaps are being developed to enable seamless and secure cross-chain transactions.
Enhanced User Experience
To ensure widespread adoption, intent DeFi payments need to offer a user-friendly experience. Platforms are developing intuitive interfaces and user-friendly tools to make DeFi accessible to a broader audience. This includes features like simplified onboarding processes, user-friendly wallets, and educational resources to help users navigate the DeFi landscape.
Addressing Challenges
While the future of intent DeFi payments looks promising, several challenges need to be addressed to ensure their success.
Scalability Solutions
Scalability remains a critical issue for blockchain networks. Layer-2 solutions like rollups and sharding are being explored to enhance the scalability of DeFi platforms. These solutions aim to increase transaction throughput while maintaining low fees, ensuring that the network can handle a growing number of users and transactions.
Regulatory Clarity
Navigating the regulatory landscape is essential for the long-长期成功和普及意 DeFi 支付需要明确的监管框架和国际合作。政府和监管机构应与 DeFi 开发者和用户合作，制定公平且促进创新的监管政策。
这不仅有助于保护投资者和用户的利益，还能确保 DeFi 平台的健康发展。
技术创新
持续的技术创新是推动 DeFi 发展的关键。新的智能合约功能、改进的安全协议以及更高效的共识机制都将为意 DeFi 支付提供更强大的工具。开发者需要不断优化和升级他们的平台，以应对不断变化的技术挑战和市场需求。
结论
意 DeFi 支付代表了金融交易的一个全新范式，它利用智能合约和区块链技术为用户提供了一种更加透明、高效和安全的支付方式。从去中心化市场到去中心化自治组织，从去中心化治理到跨链交易，意 DeFi 支付正在改变我们对金融交易的传统认知。
在未来，随着技术的进一步发展和监管框架的完善，意 DeFi 支付将有望在全球范围内普及，并为金融系统带来前所未有的变革。无论是个人投资者还是大型企业，都将受益于这一新兴的支付方式，开启一个更加公平、高效和透明的金融未来。
在这个充满机遇和挑战的领域，我们都应保持开放的心态，积极探索和创新，共同见证和参与这一金融革命的发生。
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